The Role of Hyaluronan in Pancreatic Cancer Biology and Therapy: Once Again in the Spotlight

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised by dense desmoplasia and hypoxic microenvironment. Our previous reports demonstrated that hyaluronan (HA), especially depression-molecular-weight HA, provides a favourable microenvironment for PDAC progression. However, the effect of hypoxia on HA metabolism remains unknown. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and western absorb analysis, we analysed the changes in the expression of HA-synthesizing enzymes (HAS2 and HAS3) and HA-degrading enzymes (HYAL1, KIAA1199/CEMIP) in PDAC cell lines under hypoxic atmospheric condition. Hypoxia increased the mRNA and protein expression of KIAA1199, whereas it decreased HYAL1 expression. The expression of HAS3 was increased and HAS2 remained unchanged in response to hypoxia. The upshot of KIAA1199 on hypoxia-induced cell migration was determined using a transwell migration assay and small-interfering RNA (siRNA). Hypoxia enhanced the migratory ability of PDAC cells, which was inhibited by KIAA1199 knockdown. We also used immunohistochemistry to analyse the protein expression of hypoxia inducible cistron (HIF) 1α and KIAA1199 in PDAC tissues. There was a meaning immunohistochemically positive correlation betwixt KIAA1199 and HIF1α. These findings advise that hypoxia-induced KIAA1199 expression may contribute to enhanced motility in PDAC.

Introduction

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, with the lowest survival rate among all cancer types^ane. PDAC is characterised by a dumbo desmoplastic stroma enriched with hyaluronan (HA)^2,3.

HA is produced by HA-synthesizing enzymes (HASs) and is degraded into smaller fragments by hyaluronidases (HYALs)^four,5,6. HA plays a disquisitional role in a multifariousness of cancerous behaviours including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resistance to drug delivery^{7,eight,9,10,11,12}. In particular, low-molecular-weight HA (LMW-HA, 100 kDa or less) has been suggested to be essential in cancer progression^xiii,xiv.

KIAA1199 has been newly identified every bit an enzyme involved in HA degradation. Previous studies accept shown that KIAA1199 is overexpressed in various cancers, and is associated with an aggressive phenotype^{15,xvi,17,18,xix}. Notably, KIAA1199 enhances the motion of colon cancer cells and is therefore called the cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP). Nosotros accept too demonstrated previously that KIAA1199 expression correlates with poor prognosis in PDAC, and that forced expression of KIAA1199 increases the migration of PDAC cells²⁰.

Hypoxia is one of the most common features in the neoplasm microenvironment²¹. Previous reports have shown that the average oxygenation in PDAC was markedly lower than that in normal tissue (the median pO₂ of tumours was between 0 and v.3 mmHg, whereas the median pO₂ of normal side by side tissue was between 9.3 and 92.7 mmHg²². Tumour growth results in hypoxia and hypoxia itself plays an important role in accelerating tumour progression, malignancy, and treatment resistance. Hypoxia signalling is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are stabilised under hypoxic conditions²³.

Increased HIF-1α and/or HIF-2α levels in biopsied specimens are associated with an increased mortality risk in some cancer types including PDAC²⁴. Although many signalling pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling²⁵, are known to be altered by hypoxic conditions in PDAC cells²⁵, the effect of hypoxia on HA metabolism is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between hypoxia and HA metabolism in PDAC cells.

Materials and methods

Cell culture and reagents

Ii PDAC cell lines, BxPC3 and Panc-i (American Type Civilisation Collection, Manassas, VA, United states of america) were used in this study. PDAC cell lines were maintained in RPMI-1640 medium (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with x% foetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies) and 1% streptomycin and penicillin (Life Technologies) in a v% CO_ii incubator at 37 °C. For hypoxic conditions, the cells were exposed to 1% O_two using a depression oxygen culture kit (BIONIX low-oxygen culture kit, manufactured by Sugiyamagen Co., Ltd.) for 6–48 h. All experiments were repeated 3 times.

Quantitative real-time RT-PCR

Full RNA was isolated from jail cell lines using the RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Start strand cDNA was synthesised from one.0 μg of total RNA using a SuperScript VILO cDNA synthesis Kit and Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, U.s.a.). Real-time mRNA expression assay of HA-related genes (HAS2, HAS3, HYAL1, and KIAA1199), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and VEGF as a positive internal control and a housekeeping gene (β-actin and HPRT1) was performed using TaqMan @ Factor Expression Assays on the Step I Plus real-fourth dimension PCR organization (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The assay numbers for these genes were as follows: Hs00193435_m1(HAS2), Hs00193436_m1 (HAS3), Hs00201046_m1 (HYAL1), Hs01552124_m1 (KIAA1199), Hs00154208_m1 (CA9), Hs80900055_m1 (VEGFA), Hs00194899_m1 (β-actin) and Hs02800695_m1 (HPRT1). Relative quantification was performed using Ct values to determine the expression for target genes and an internal control factor in all samples²⁶.

Western absorb analysis

The cells were harvested and total protein was extracted with PRO-PREP protein extraction solution (iNtRON Biotechnology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of korea), and poly peptide concentration was adamant using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein analysis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Equal amounts of poly peptide were separated on a 4–15% Mini-PROTEAN Precast Gel (Bio-Rad, Philadelphia, PA, United states of america) and transferred onto PVDF membranes (ATTO, Tokyo, JAPAN). Membranes were blocked for 1 h with i% non-fatty milk in TBST buffer at room temperature, then incubated with antibodies confronting KIAA1199 (Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, Us) and β-actin (Proteintech Grouping) overnight at 4 °C or 1 h at room temperature, followed by incubation with secondary antibodies (Proteintech Grouping) for i h at room temperature. The proteins were visualised using an ECL Western Blotting Detection System (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, England)²⁶. To quantify the western blotting data, the intensities of proteins of interest in each gel were firstly normalized to their respective actin intensities, and so the normalized intensities were compared with the intensity of the control group and expressed every bit relative values to their controls²⁷.

Cell migration analysis

The migratory ability of cells was determined using a transwell jail cell migration analysis with cell culture inserts containing a filter membrane with viii μm pores (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lajes NJ). The lower chamber was filled with RPMI1640 containing 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). The upper chamber was filled with 1.0 × ten^iv cells (for Panc-1) or two.0 × 10⁴ cells (for BxPC3) in RPMI RPMI1640 containing 1% FBS. Later on 48 h of incubation in normoxic and 1% O_ii conditions, the cells remaining on the upper side of the filters were removed. The cells on the lesser surface of the membrane were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and the number of cells that had migrated to the bottom surface of the membrane were counted in five randomly selected microscopic fields for each sample²⁶.

siRNA targeting for KIAA1199

The siRNA for KIAA1199 (ON-TARGET plus SMART pool Human KIAA1199 L022291-00) and negative control siRNA (ON-TARGET plus Control siRNA Non-Targeting siRNA #1 D-001810-01-05) were purchased from GE Healthcare (Buckinghamshire, England). PDAC cells (Panc-1 and BxPC3) were transfected with 100 nM siRNA using DharmaFECT i Transfection Reagent (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 48 h of treatment, the cells were immediately used for farther experiments²⁶.

Immunohistochemistry

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections were stained for KIAA1199 (1:100; Proteintech Grouping, Inc., Chicago, IL, United states of america) and HIF1α (1:50; Novus Biologicals, Inc. Littleton, CO, USA). EnVision + System- HRP Labelled Polymer Anti-Rabbit (Dako North America, Inc., Carpenteria, CA, USA) was used as the secondary antibody for anti-KIAA1199, and stained with diaminobenzidine (Liquid DAB + Substrate Chromogen Organisation; Dako North America, Inc.). Secondary antibody staining for anti-HIF1α was performed using the streptavidin–biotin technique using a SAB-PO(M) kit (NICHIREI BIOSCIENCES INC, Nippon). Sections were counterstained with haematoxylin, dried, and mounted. The proportion of positive cells was evaluated throughout the tissue department and was graded as follows: 0 (< 11%), 1 (eleven–40%), 2 (41–70%), or 3 (> seventy%). Staining intensity was graded equally 1 (weak), 2 (moderate), or 3 (potent). The total score was obtained past multiplying the positive proportion score with the intensity score. We and then divided all cases into 2 groups as the high expression group (with a score ranging from 3 to nine) and low expression grouping (with a score ranging from 0 to 2)²⁰.

Ethics statement

Written informed consent was obtained from all patients whose tissues were used in this study. The study was canonical by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Nihon. All methods were performed in accord with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

Statistical assay

All statistical analyses were performed using STATA15 software (StataCorp. 2017.Stata Statistical Software: Release fifteen. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC. Student's t-test and the chi-squared test were used for group comparison. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

Changes in the expression of HA-synthesizing and degrading enzymes in PDAC prison cell lines under normoxic and hypoxic conditions

Changes in the mRNA expression of HA-synthesizing enzymes (HAS2 and HAS3) and HA-degrading enzymes (HYAL1, KIAA1199) upon hypoxia were examined. In BxPC3 cells, KIAA1199 was markedly increased nether hypoxia (> 3.v-fold increased at 6 h), whereas the expression of HYAL1 was decreased under hypoxia (< 0.5-fold decreased from 6 to 48 h). HAS3 was enhanced under hypoxia (Fig. 1a). In Panc-1 cells, the expression of KIAA1199 was also significantly increased under hypoxia from 24 to 48 h (> 3.5-fold increased at 48 h), and the expression of HYAL1 was significantly decreased (< 0.5-fold decreased from 12 to 48 h). HAS3 was also enhanced nether hypoxic status (Fig. 1b). To confirm hypoxic condition in our experiments, nosotros examined mRNA expression of CA9 and VEGF, well-recognized HIF target. CA9 and VEGF were significantly increased in response to hypoxia in both cell lines.

The changes in the protein expression of KIAA1199 under hypoxia in BxPC3 cells was analysed using western blot assay. KIAA1199 poly peptide expression was increased in a time-dependent mode under hypoxic conditions (Fig. two and Fig.S1). β-actin levels were used equally the loading controls.

Migratory ability of PDAC cells under hypoxic weather condition

We investigated the migratory ability of PDAC cells, Panc-i and BxPC3, under hypoxic conditions. In both jail cell lines, migratory ability was increased under hypoxic conditions (Fig. 3). The migratory ability of Panc-1 cells was increased upward to 400% and BxPC3 cells was up to 350% under hypoxic conditions.

Effect of KIAA1199 on PDAC cell migration in hypoxic condition

Our previous studies have shown that KIAA1199 strongly stimulates the migration of PDAC cells²⁶. Therefore, we hypothesised that increased expression of KIAA1199 may play a role in the enhanced migration of PDAC cells upon hypoxia. To test this, we used siRNA to knock down KIAA1199 in Panc-1 and BxPC3 cells and examined their migration under hypoxic atmospheric condition (Fig. iv). Real-time RT-PCR showed that transfection with siRNA targeting for KIAA1199 (siRNA-KIAA1199) resulted in approximately seventy% knockdown. KIAA1199 knockdown significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in PDAC cell migration in both jail cell lines (p < 0.05).

Immunohistochemical analysis of KIAA1199 and HIF1α in PDAC

We and so examined the human relationship between KIAA1199 and HIF1α expression, as a marker of hypoxia, using immunohistochemical analysis of archival tissues from 25 patients with PDAC. Representative immunostaining results are shown in Fig. 5 and Supplementary Figure S2. KIAA1199 expression was found to be high in 13 patients (52%), and HIF1α was highly expressed in 14 patients (56%). There was a pregnant positive correlation between KIAA1199 and HIF1α expression in our patient group (p < 0.05) (Table 1).

Table 1 Immunostaining of PDAC tissue with anti-HIF1α antibody and anti-KIAA1199 antibody.

Full size table

Discussion

In the present study, the changes in HA metabolism in PDAC jail cell lines under hypoxic atmospheric condition were investigated. The major findings were as follows: (1) Hypoxia increased the mRNA and protein expression of KIAA1199 in PDAC cells. (2) Hypoxia enhanced the migration of PDAC cells, whereas knockdown of KIAA1199 inhibited the migration enhanced by hypoxia. (3) There was a significant immunohistochemically positive correlation between HIF1α and KIAA1199 in PDAC tissues.

In our previous studies, we showed that HA metabolism was accelerated in PDAC cells^10,28,29,30. Nonetheless, the expression patterns of HA-synthesizing or degradation enzymes under hypoxia in PDAC have been poorly characterised. In this study, nosotros demonstrated, for the first time, that hypoxia markedly increased the expression of KIAA1199, which is known to be involved in the malignant behaviour of cancer cells, in PDAC cells. These findings propose that changes in HA metabolism under hypoxia are associated with the malignant phenotype of PDAC cells.

Previous studies have revealed the mechanisms by which KIAA1199 promotes cancer progression. For example, KIAA1199 promotes the evolution of ovarian cancer past regulating PI3K/AKT signalling³¹. KIAA1199 regulates the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis by activating the Wnt-β-catenin signalling pathway³². Furthermore, KIAA1199 is known to increase the migration of cancer cells partly by mediating endoplasmic reticulum calcium leakage, which results in protein kinase Cα activation³³. In our previous studies, knockdown of KIAA1199 expression was found to upshot in decreased migration, whereas forced expression of KIAA1199 increased the migration, invasion, and proliferation of PDAC cells^20,26. In the present study, nosotros as well demonstrated that knockdown of KIAA1199 inhibits enhanced migration under hypoxia, suggesting the possible involvement of KIAA1199 in the ambitious phenotype nether hypoxia. Our present results and the previous findings may provide a rationale for developing novel therapeutic interventions targeting KIAA1199 for treating PDAC in the hereafter.

Our previous studies identified a novel phenotype, HAMP (hyaluronan-activated metabolism phenotype), characterized by activation of multiple HA metabolism cascades, in PDAC³⁴. HAMP was divers as the increased expression of multiple HA metabolism genes, including KIAA1199. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the increased expression of these HA metabolism genes in PDAC are unclear. Ane such mechanism could be the neoplasm microenvironment (or tumour-stromal interactions) in PDAC. Our nowadays results propose that hypoxia could contribute to the development of the HAMP phenotype by increasing the expression of KIAA1199. Farther studies are thus needed to elucidate the relationship between hypoxia and HAMP in PDAC.

In determination, our present written report suggests that hypoxia-induced KIAA1199 expression may contribute to enhanced move and thus microenvironment-mediated cancer progression in PDAC.

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current written report are bachelor from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Nosotros give thanks Ms. Ueda (Research Assistant, Department of Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan) for providing technical assist. We would like to give thanks Editage (www.editage.com) for English linguistic communication editing.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Affiliations

Department of Surgery one, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Ecology Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan

Takuya Oba, Norihiro Sato, Yasuhiro Adachi, Takao Amaike, Yuzan Kudo, Shiro Kohi & Keiji Hirata
Department of Surgery, Kyushu Rosai Hospital, Kitakyushu, Nippon

Atsuhiro Koga

Contributions

T.O. carried out the molecular studies and drafted the manuscript. North.S. conceived the written report, participated in its design and coordination, and helped typhoon the manuscript. A.Thousand., Y.A., Y.K., T.A., and Southward.Yard. participated in the molecular studies. Thou.H. participated in the written report design. All authors take read and approved the terminal manuscript.

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Correspondence to Takuya Oba.

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Oba, T., Sato, Due north., Adachi, Y. et al. Hypoxia increases KIAA1199/CEMIP expression and enhances jail cell migration in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep eleven, 18193 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97752-z

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Received: 07 February 2021
Accustomed: 27 Baronial 2021
Published: 14 September 2021
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97752-z

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